Membership provider doesn't have that functionality so you would need some custom coding to query AD by using the System.DirectoryServices namespace in .NET and then set the EPiServer Profile from that (which is stored in SQL server by default). 

Something like the following should work:

var userPrincipal = UserPrincipal.Current;
var lastName = userPrincipal.Surname;
var email = userPrincipal.EmailAddress;
var currentProfile = EPiServer.Personalization.EPiServerProfile.Current;
currentProfile.LastName = lastName;
currentProfile.Email = email;
currentProfile.Save();

Doing this on log on will always keep an updated profile in EPiServer or a slightly different if you want to use a scheduled job to synch changes for all users in a nightly run or similar...